The World War I Is War - 1653 Words

World War I is war famous for European nations fighting against themselves. It began to take shape when countries like France and Germany beginning to form their own allies. It all started with the powerful Austria-Hungary wanted to have Serbia as part of their own empire. However a group of Serbian nationalists known as Black Hands dislike the idea. So they wanted to send a message to the Austria-Hungary government by killing Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Gavrilo Princip, member of the Black Hands, shot and killed Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie and thus started World War 1. Austria-Hungary soon moved against Serbia but Serbia counter by moving against Austria-Hungary. Then comes with new superpower in Europe Germany. It got involved by†¦show more content†¦So Germany constitute a plan to be in 3 special events to make and force United States to take action and be part in World War 1. The three events that causes the United States to take part into World War I is the sinki ng of Lusitania, Zimmerman Telegraph, and Germany U-subs attacking trade ships on American soil. The sinking of the British passenger ship Lusitania is one out of 3 serious of events of America’s involvement in World War I. Before it happened, Germany is becoming more and more powerful especially technology wise. One of which surprised the British was Germans maximization of the U-Boot since Great Britain is the strongest naval power in all of Europe. In response to this, they would use water mines in the English channel to defend against the Germans. This triggered the Germans to be very aggressive and suspicious. The Germans are suspicious of the United States and Great Britain has weapons on that ship. They would give 3 days of warning to both U.S. and British to turn those weapons in or they will see as enemy threat and therefore blow up the ship. In the first day, U.S. and Britain refuse to say they have any weapons on the ship. And in the 2nd and final day of the warnin g, United States and Britain decided to stand pact and thinking this is just a regular passenger ship. However, Germany did not bluff and they

Marketing Management Assignment Free Essays

MKT 306 Marketing Strategy First name: Dilara Surname: Bulut Student no. : 119147630 Adress: Hullerstr. 21 44866 Bochum Germany Return date: 1/10/2012 Center: International Business School Lippstadt, Germany | Module leader: Sudipta Das Table of contents 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Management Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Executive Summary1 2. Introduction2 3. The Current Situation3 3. 1SWOT-Analysis3 3. 2PESTLE-Analysis6 3. 3Differential Advantage- USP (Unique Selling Proposition)11 4. Recommendations11 4. 1Segmentation, Targeting Positioning11 4. Marketing Goals and Objectives14 4. 3 The Marketing Mix†¦ 16 4. 3. 1 Product16 4. 3. 2 Price16 4. 3. 3 Place16 4. 3. 4 Promotion17 4. 4Implementation and Control18 5. Conclusion20 6. Appendix21 7. References25 1. Executive Summary This report tends to get an insight into the global marketing strategy of Hertz in the U. S. car rental industry. Though Hertz is the world’s largest car rental company and puts much emphasis on customer satisfaction, some customers are not satisfied. This is a lurking hazard as the competition in the U. S. is enormously regarding this segment. The idea of their marketing strategy is to differ themselves from the competitors by a high level of customer service, their innovation spirit, technological development and by offering environmentally friendly electric cars. This marketing strategy effects an enhancement of the brand image which will have a positive impact of the company and its stakeholders. 2. Introduction Hertz a U. S. company is the world’s largest car rental company with 8500 locations in 150 countries. Because of the fact that there is a high amount of competitors within the Car Rental Service industry like Avis Budget or Enterprise Rent-A-Car companies have to distinguish themselves through customer service and prices to win new customers and to retain existing customers. Due to the high intensity in this industry companies have to offer same prices, features, benefits and therefore lose potential profits. Another problem Hertz has to face is the rising fuel costs. A main part of Hertz Car Rental revenues is effected by airport locations. If the airport Industry raises the price of their ticket, the number of customers willing to spend money in travelling will decrease. This would hurt the profitability. But continuing the marketing strategy by focusing on improving customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction and asset management an economic growth is achievable. (Hertz Annual Report, 2011) 3. The Current Situation 4. 1 SWOT-Analysis Strengths One of Hertz Car Rental’s strength is the global operational structure. Because of the reason that Hertz has the control over two Car Rental Service companies ‘Dollar’ and ‘Thrifty’ – Hertz is the world’s largest car rental company. This global operational structure sets Hertz apart from its competitors, allows them to create new customer relationships and to increase market share. Moreover the company stands for a high level of customer relationship and their aim is to meet the needs of their customers. â€Å"As part of our innovation revolution, we are putting the power of Hertz in the hand of our customers 24/7†. Hertz Annual Report, 2011) The unique services which are provided to customers like the ‘Rent it here/Leave it there’ (to rent a car for one way travel), ‘Connect by Hertz’ (to rent a car for hours), ‘Rent2Buy’ (to rent a car you wish to purchase in the future) programs also help Hertz to differ from the competitors. Furthermore the innovation spirit and new technologies set Hertz apart from the competitors. The company introduced free mobile device widgets which allow users to make reservations, to find Hertz locations and receive promotions over the smart phone. The steady growth is another strength. After a steady decline from 2007 to 2009 from $ 8,685. 6 million to $ 7,101. 5 million as a result of the economic recession Hertz reported for the second quarter of 2012 worldwide revenues of $ 2. 2 billion, an increase of 7. 4 per cent and achieved several record results. (Hertz Reports Strong Revenue Gains, 2012) Weaknesses Although Hertz puts a lot emphasis on customer satisfaction, my researches on several experience report pages on the internet have shown that customers complain about not agreed fees after giving back the car. Furthermore they complain about that they had to pay money for damages on the car which they did not cause. Moreover the weaknesses of Hertz are also bound to its infrastructure as the worldwide service generates an unpleasant cost structure. Due to this fact Hertz do not enjoy a good reputation regarding employee payment. Opportunities As we all know the fuel prices are rising steadily. The new fuel price average for 2012 is $128 per barrel. (IATA Economics, 2012) Due to this fact Hertz got the idea to originate an environmentally friendly rental program- the ‘Green-Collection’. Thus Hertz is the only car rental company which offers electric cars on three continents. With this idea the company sets apart from competitors and it leads to lower costs in total and resultantly to a higher profit margin. Moreover the company should invest in the Airline Industry because a main part of their revenue stream is generated from the airport locations. After the recession there was an increase in consumer spending, especially in travelling. Therefore Hertz could take an advantage of this opportunity. Hertz could also take advantage of the used car market because they sell used vehicles to automotive dealership, when they are no longer eligible for manufacturers. Hertz was already successful with this idea and was able to sell 88 per cent of those cars through auctions. Threats The threats of Hertz are mostly characterized by the rivalry within the Car Rental Service Industry. The struggle for market share especially in the U. S. between Hertz, Avis Budget and Enterprise Rent-A-Car is enormously. This leads to the fact that companies lower their prices to win and retire customers but this could result in running themselves out of business and lose potential profits. Furthermore Hertz is dependent on fuel prices as it is explained in 1. Introduction increasing fuel prices could press the profit margin down. Another threat for Hertz is that they operate with vehicles from ‘Toyota’. In the last few years customers complained about manufacturing defaults resulting in safety risks. Also in the media ‘Toyota’ does not enjoy a good reputation regarding safety manufacturing. Hertz rents and sells those cars and if anything happens to the customer Hertz could be held liable. Due to this fact they would damage their image and lose profits. 4. 2 PESTLE-Analysis Political The United States is one of the biggest and most influential economics in the world. Nevertheless the debts of the U. S. increased dramatically over the last ten years up to 103 per cent of the gross domestic product today. (Trading Economics, 2012) Due to the fact that the U. S. is a democratic country and furnishes security political rebellions or even wars are unlikely. According to the result of the presidential election this year and the future fiscal politics new taxes are possible which could also have an impact on the Car Rental Industry. Economical The economical situation in the U. S. intensified over the last years as debts have risen steadily. After Japan (220% of GDP), Greece (143%), Italy (119%) the debt to GDP (gross domestic product) in the U. S. with 103% is also extremely high. (Trading Economics, 2012) (See appendix) The GDP growth rate in the U. S. has expanded 2. 2 per cent in the second quarter of 2012 and they expect a growth of 2. 7 per cent in 2013. (Trading Economics, 2012) This lies under the average GDP world growth rate of 3. 6 per cent in both years. The interest rate in the U. S. is 0. 5 in 2012 which is a consequence of the global economic crisis in 2009. (Trading Economics, 2012) As the following figure shows in year 2012 8. 16 per cent of the population is unemployed. This is the lowest value since 2009. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics despite the recovery in the labor market are still 13. 1 million unemployed Americans. (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012) However the situation on the market for permanently unemployed people is still unchanged. 5. 6 million people, i. e. two of five Americans are unemployed. Rate of unemployment in the U. S. (USA International Monetary Fund, 2012) Social The total U. S. population is constantly growing and came up to 314,211,739 million inhabitants in 2012. (United States Census Bureau, 2012) Furthermore the U. S. population is affected by the upward tendency of the Hispanic population and the aging population. In 2009 39. 6 million persons were 65 and older, representing 12. 9 per cent of the U. S. population. (Administration on Aging, 2011) This figure is estimated to grow up to 72. 1 million persons by 2030, representing 19 per cent of the U. S. opulation. (ibid. ) Technological As the activities of Hertz mainly consist in renting cars Hertz is dependent on the car and aircraft manufacturers for better and more efficient vehicles to reduce fuel prices. Hertz is the only car rental company which offers electric vehicles on three continents. Moreover the company introduced free mobile device widgets, which allow customers to make reservations, to find Hertz locations and receive prom otions over the smart phone. As a result the bookings from mobile devices grew 300 per cent to $ 32 million in 2011. Hertz Annual Report, 2011) Due to the fact that customer satisfaction is very important, Hertz invest over $20 million in their Customer Relationship Management System. (Hertz Annual Report, 2011) â€Å"Hertz has been investing in new technology over the last few years that is purposed to enhance every aspect of rental experience. † Thus the company launched the ‘Hertz Neverlost GPS System’ which is the perfect travel companion because it does not only bring you to all important European destinations but also shows you the places of interest. Legal * Public Liability and Property Damage Hertz has to face a numerous amount of legal suits filed against them from customers who lay claim to compensation for personal property due to damages during the operations of their vehicles. (Hertz Annual Report, 2011) * Telephone Consumer Protection Act Due to the fact that in Kansas and throughout the U. S. , there were sent facsimile messages of advertising materials relating to the availability of property, goods or services by HERC and who did not provide express permission for sending such faxes there was a class action and the plaintiffs seek an unspecified amount of compensatory damages, attorney’s fees and costs. Hertz Annual Report, 2011) * Concession Recovery Fee On October 13, 2006 Hertz Car Rental had to face a legal suit by Janet Sobel, Daniel Dugan and Lydia Lee who claimed about the fact that they were misleadingly charged airport recovery fees in addition to their total rental rate charges. The place where the consumers rent their vehicles was in Nevada, a s tate where it is unlawful to charge airport concession recovery fees. (Hertz Annual Report, 2011) * Patent Infringement On February 19, 2007 Hertz failed a legal suit against Enterprise Holdings, Inc. TSD Rental LLC and The Crawford Group, Inc. because of the fact that these companies were involved in unfair business practice so that a fair competition was impossible. The case was dismissed in June 2009 after Hertz received a non-monetary settlement from these companies. (Hertz Annual Report, 2009) Environmental As I already explained Hertz Car Rental has two very strong competitors- Avis Budget Group and Enterprise Holdings, Inc. . Avis Budget Group is a company which has the control over two subsidiary car rental companies: Avis and Budget. Whereas Avis is the leading car rental service company which offers luxurious vehicles, Budget offers less expensive products and services. One reason for their success is the high variety which consists of more than 350 000 vehicles. (Avis Budget Group, Inc. , 2012) As the following table shows Avis Budget group was able to reach a revenue of $4,110 million in the U. S. in 2011. Figure 1: U. S. Car Rental Market (N. a. , 2011) Enterprise Rent-A-Car is the largest car rental company in the United States and has the control over three subsidiary car rental service companies: Enterprise Rent-A-Car, National Rent-A-Car and Alamo Rent-A-Car. This company is focused on the market of consumers in need of a replacement vehicle resulting from theft, mechanical failure or an accident. (Enterprise Holdings, 2012) Enterprise Rent-A-Car was able to reach a revenue of $11,100 million in the U. S. in 2011. 4. 3 Differential Advantage- USP (Unique Selling Proposition) The differential advantage of Hertz lies in its customer service 24 hours 7 days. Its global operational structure set Hertz apart from its competitors. The technological processing, the innovation spirit and the unique services which are provided to customers make the company unique. That is why in year 1987 the slogan â€Å"You don’t just rent a car. You rent a company. † or the slogan â€Å"We’re Hertz. They’re not. † shows that this company is unique and different than the other Car Rental Services. Moreover Hertz is the number one airport car rental brand in the U. S. and at 119 major airports in Europe. (Hertz Annual Report, 2011) 4. Recommendations 5. 4 Segmentation, Targeting Positioning The three step STP model is used to strategically direct marketing strategy. (See appendix) The market must be segmented, then groups must be targeted and finally the products must be positioned. Segmentation Firstly the different groups in the market have to be identified and profiled by district characteristics regarding demographic, psychographic and behavioral differences. (Kotler and Keller, 2011) * Demographic People who want to rent a car from Hertz have to be 21 years old or older. They need a valid driver’s license for at least one year and a middle class income level. Furthermore they must have a good credit score. * Psychographic In case of Hertz they are concentrated on three consumer groups. The first group are the ‘Replacement Renters’. In case of an accident, theft or mechanical failure they need a replacement vehicle. The second group are the ‘Leisure Renters’. These are consumers that rent cars to make their journey more comfortable and independent. This customers rent vehicles for extended amounts of time. The third group are the ‘Business Renters’, who rent vehicles to travel to and from airport locations. For them it is more comfortable than to leave their personal car unattended at the airport. Moreover Hertz divide their offerings into six different categories. Do you want an environmentally friendly car? Choose the ‘Green Collection’. Do you want a car that is fun to drive? Choose the ‘Fun Collection’. Do you want a comfortable spacious car? Choose the ‘Family Collection’. Thus the offers are clearly arranged and the customers can immediately identify themselves with one of these collections. Targeting The target group of Hertz are customers between 35-50 years. Usually 70% of these customers are male and 30% female. The customers should have an annual income of $40,000 +. The target market should be up-to-date on latest technology and they should want to travel with services that provide comfort and convenience. Due to the fact that especially in America people prefer luxurious and gigantic cars the ‘Fun Collection’ is the most potential one for the company. Because of the reason that the media massively supports energy conservation, so that these actions will encourage more people in the future to live environmentally conscious, the ‘Green Collection’ is also a very potential one to bind this consumers emotionally to the company through signalising that Hertz is the only car rental company which offers electric cars. Moreover Hertz is the number one airport car rental brand in the U. S. . Due to the fact the ‘Business Renters’ who rent vehicles to travel to and from airport locations are very important for the company. Positioning The positioning depends on two dimensions: price and quality. As the competition on the car rental market is extremely high, car rental companies offer nearly the same prices. But the price of renting vehicles depends on for how long you will rent the car, whether you want an insurance coverage, the mileage during travel and whether you want special amenities. Of course the quality depends on the car the customer has chosen. As we all know a Toyota is not the same as a Ford Mustang. Depending on the car brand the quality and the price will change as you can see in the following perceptual map. Figure 2: Hertz Car Rental Perceptual Map (N. a. , 2010) 5. 5 Marketing Goals and Objectives The marketing goal is to increase consumer market share and sales by 20 per cent at the end of year 2012. The objectives to achieve that goal must be SMART (The University of Sunderland, 2008), i. e. S pecific M easurable A spirational R ealistic T ime-based The following objectives will be set: External objectives Increase customer market share and sales by 20 per cent Due to the fact that Hertz entire new line of vehicles like the electric cars which they offer in the ‘Green Collection’ promotional expenditures will need to increase by 15 per cent to reach the target market. Hertz expects a 20 per cent increase in market share and sales for their target group which consists of people between 35 and 50 years. * Increase customer satisfaction For Hertz the customer satisfaction is one of their most important aims. Nevertheless there are some customers who are displeased with Hertz Car Rental. Due to this fact Hertz want to increase customer satisfaction ratings by convincing their customers with new vehicle collections, special amenities and a unique service. Moreover existing customers must be satisfied because it is more expensive to acquire new customers than retaining existing ones. Therefore the service must be continuously and meet the customer’s needs. This aim can be reached by a better CRM. Internal objectives * Replace existing vehicles by electric cars Due to the fact that fuel costs are rising steadily it is a big chance for Hertz to invest in more efficient electric cars. But the procurement must negotiate best prices to make the replacement possible. 5. 6 The Marketing Mix 4. 3. 1 Product Hertz offers a large number of products. In addition to the car rental, the company has also specialized on equipment rental as you can see in the list below. Table 1: Hertz Business Profiles (Hertz Annual Report, 2011) 4. 3. 2 Price As mentioned in point 4. 1 (‘Positioning’) the price of renting vehicles depends on the brand the customer has chosen, the renting period, the mileage during travel, whether the customer has special amenities and the insurance coverage. . 3. 3 Place Hertz Car Rental Service is available in 8500 locations in 150 countries and on the internet. 4. 3. 4 Promotion In case of Hertz the campaign must be promoted in mass-market advertising formats like in television, on the homepage, personalized e-mails and advertising in travel-related magazines. But the best way of advertising is through recommendations of customers and opinion leaders. People trust these persons most, as the figure below shows. Figure 3: Whom do consumers trust for information? (Ottman, 2011) Due to the fact that there is a high competition on the car rental market the most important goal of Hertz is to increase customer satisfaction. Thus the best slogan Hertz has ever had was â€Å"We’re Hertz. They’re not. † because this slogan contains everything what Hertz represents. On the one hand this slogan represents the current situation on the market where one can find a high competition. On the other hand this slogan sets apart Hertz from its competitors by stressing the point that Hertz is better than the others with their high level of customer service, quality, innovation spirit and technological development. A proper opinion leader could be Sebastian Vettel. He is the youngest world champion in Formula 1. Thus he stands for fast, high-quality vehicles. Furthermore he has many fans and followers and is able to influence many people. Ideally the campaign starts in spring 2013 and ends in autumn 2014 because in summer people are in the mood for nice cars. Especially the ‘Fun Collection’ which offers luxurious, fast cars like a Ford Mustang will find the customers approval at this time. Moreover the summer time is very popular for travelling and people especially families rent car for this. Therefore this period is the right time to start the campaign. 5. 7 Implementation and Control The basic concept of customer satisfaction is already in progress. Hertz invested over $20 million in their Customer Relationship Management System. Moreover the aim to consider the environment by offering electric cars worked out. However the following tasks have to be completed before starting the advertising campaign: 1. Customer satisfaction survey 2. Sales analysis of the previous fiscal year to calculate the next year 3. Customer tracking software must be developed 4. The advertising media must be selected. The promotional budget will be calculated as follows: Customer satisfaction surveys| $ 500| Customer tracking software| $ 350,000| Analysing fees | $ 1,250,000| Upgrade costs| $ 20,000| | = $ 1,620,500 (per Hertz Car Rental location)| To observe the process of the marketing campaign control systems will be set up. This system can be divided into output control, which deals with the financial measurements and the non-financial behavioral control. Quarterly the process of the marketing campaign should be assessed and compared with the objectives. If the development differs from the objectives the management can take corrective actions. 5. Conclusion One problem Hertz has to face is the high amount of competitors but with its high level of customer service and its unique services, its innovation spirit and the technological development Hertz has managed to become the world’s largest car rental company and the number one airport car rental brand in the U. S. . Another problem is the rising fuel price but also for this problem Hertz has a solution because they are already offering electric cars and will expand their product range. Maybe in ten years we will get electric cars only. Hertz should concentrate on their aim to increase customer satisfaction. Even though Hertz always stresses the fact to put much emphasis on customer satisfaction, some customers are not satisfied. Hertz should concentrate on satisfying existing customers because it is much cheaper than to acquire new ones. To come to a conclusion one can say that although Hertz has to face problems and threats they have always a solution which leads the company to success. With its strong marketing strategy and their self-confidence they can compete with their competitors or even get ahead of them. Not for nothing their slogan was â€Å"We’re Hertz. They’re not. † 6. Appendix Figure 1: Top Debt to GDP (Trading Economics, 2012) Figure 2: GDP Growth Rate (Trading Economics, 2012) Figure 3: United States GDP (Trading Economics, 2012) Figure 4: United States Interest Rate (Trading Economics, 2012) Figure 5: The three step model (Hollensen, 2010) Figure 6: Hertz 2011 Highlights (Hertz Annual Report, 2011) 7. References Literature 1. Hollensen, S. (2003, reprinted 2010). Marketing Management: A Relationship Approach. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall International 2. Kotler, P. Keller, K. L. 2011) Marketing Management. 14th ed. Global Edition. Prentice Hall International 3. Ottman, J. A. (2011) The New Rules of Green Marketing: Strategies, Tools and inspiration for Sustainable Branding: United States and Canada, Berrett-Koehler Publishers 4. The University of Sunderland (2008) MKT 306: Marketing Strategy. Version 2. 0 Web * Administration on Aging (2011), Aging Statistics A vailable at: http://www. aoa. gov/aoaroot/aging_statistics/index. aspx (accessed 04. 09. 2012, 00:28) * Avis Budget Group, Inc. (2012), Company Information Available at: http://www. avisbudgetgroup. com/about/ accessed 26. 08. 2012, 16:48) * Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012), Employment Unemployment Available at: http://www. bls. gov/bls/newsrels. htm#OEUS (accessed 21. 08. 2012, 22:00) * Enterprise Holdings (2012), Enterprise Holdings- Alamo, Enterprise, National. Available at: http://www. enterpriseholdings. com/ (accessed 26. 08. 2012, 16:52) * Hertz Car Rental (2011), Annual Report Available at: http://phx. corporate-ir. net/phoenix. zhtml? c=205461p=irol-reportsannual (accessed 15. 08. 2012, 01:51) * Hertz Car Rental (2009), Annual Report Available at: http://phx. corporate-ir. et/phoenix. zhtml? c=205461p=irol-reportsannual (accessed 15. 08. 2012, 01:51) * IATA Economics (2012), Jet Fuel Price Monitor Available at: http://www. iata. org/whatwedo/economics/fuel_monitor/Pages/i ndex. aspx (accessed 15. 08. 2012, 01:00) * No author (2010), Hertz Car Rental Perceptual Map Available at: http://de. slideshare. net/raquelkink/hertz-marketing-plan (accessed 01. 09. 2012, 00:47) * No author (2012), Hertz Reports Strong Revenue Gains Available at: http://www. travelagentcentral. com/car-rental/hertz-reports-strong-revenue-gai ns-36461 (accessed 16. 08. 2012, 17:06) Trading Economics (2012), GDP Growth Rates Available at: http://www. tradingeconomics. com/gdp-growth-rates-list-by-country (accessed 20. 08. 2012, 21:00) * Trading Economics (2012), Government Debt To GDP Available at: http://www. tradingeconomics. com/government-debt-to-gdp-list-by-country (accessed 20. 08. 2012, 21:44) * Trading Economics (2012), Interest Rates Available at: http://www. tradingeconomics. com/interest-rates-list-by-country (accessed 20. 08. 2012, 21:46) * Trading Econimics (2012), United States GDP Available at: http://www. tradingeconomics. com/united-states/gdp (accessed 20. 8. 2012 , 20:47) * U. S. Car Rental Market (2011), WE TRY HARDER? PERHAPS NOT IN SOCIAL MEDIA Available at: http://dahlcache. com/2012/03/22/part-2-we-try-harder-perhaps-not-in-social-media/ (accessed 27. 08. 2012, 17:00) * United States Census Bureau (2012), U. S. World Population Clocks Available at: http://www. census. gov/main/www/popclock. html (accessed 22. 08. 2012, 14:34) * USA International Monetary Fund (2012) Available at: http://de. statista. com/statistik/daten/studie/17332/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-den-usa/ (accessed 20. 08. 2012, 21:04) 8. Word count Total: 3295 words How to cite Marketing Management Assignment, Essay examples

Mozart and Salieri - Amadeus Versus Actuality free essay sample

Mozart and Saltier Amadeus versus Actuality Amadeus (1984) won eight Academy Awards with its highly affectionately account of the last ten years of the life of 18th-century composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The movie chooses to highlight the comparison between mediocrity and brilliancy; Mozart was obviously the superior of the two composers, and Saltier despised his own shortcomings. But as much Saltier was disgusted with himself. He was even more furious with Mozart. He vows to himself and to God that he will be the man hat ultimately kills Mozart (Amadeus).Antonio Saltier was born in Elegant, Italy in 1750. In Amadeus, Saltier recounts his passion for music at a very young age. He reminisces about how his father strongly disapproved of a career In music for his son and specifically ridiculed Mozart for being shown off Like a circus act. In the film, his father passes away when he Is young, and he escapes to Venice to pursue an education in music. In reality, Saltier studied violin and keyboard with his brother Francesco with a local organist, Giuseppe Simons, even before his father died.Both of his parents died when he was young, but he was taken to Venice where he continued his musical education. Saltier developed good relationships with many established musicians In Venice and even with Emperor Joseph II. In 1774, Saltier was appointed Experimentalist, or court composer, at the tender age of twenty-four (New Grove Dictionary Online). Mozart was born in Austria, in 1756, and received musical training from his father, including instruction in both the piano and violin. His amazing musical ability became obvious very quickly as he was composing by the age of six.Soon he was touted around much of Europe as a musical prodigy, entertaining kings and queens by playing blindfolded or Improvising on difficult passages he had never seen before. In 1781, Mozart moved his blossoming musical career to Vienna after Emperor Joseph II developed an interest in him (New Grove Dictionary Online). Around this time, Mozart first met Antonio Saltier. It was also around this point in the film where things become historically inaccurate and fabricated. Amadeus portrayed Galleries first encounter with Mozart In a private dining room.Sellers had wandered Into the room looking to meet the famous prodigy, but held himself when he heard a boy and a girl run into the room. The two were flirting crudely and the boy was especially perverted. Later on, Saltier would discover that the boy was Mozart himself and that the girl was Constance Weber, Mozart future wife. Saltier was indignant that someone with as much musical genius as Mozart had could be such an immature, ungrateful and arrogant child. He was musically but couldnt conceive why God would give so much talent and ability to such a despicable person. Later in the film, Saltier discovers that his love interest had had relations with Mozart. This news breaks Galleries spirit and faith and shortly afterwards, he makes his vow to God that he will find a way to destroy Mozart *Amadeus). Throughout the rest of the film, Saltier attempts to sabotage and impede on many of Mozart operas and concertos. He uses his influence to close down Mozart concerts prematurely to cut profits. After Mozart father passes away, Saltier haunts Mozart with his fathers image. Saltier even employs a maid to work for Mozart so that he could spy on him at all times.Eventually, Mozart becomes poor from the lack of concert income and because of his flamboyant spending habits. He has also become very sickly from a lack of sleep and from alcoholism. Ultimately, the film implies that Saltier actually poisoned Mozart. Years later Saltier attempts to commit suicide, presumably over his guilt that he had murdered Mozart. Afterwards, he is moved to a mental institution where the film begins as he recounts his story to a priest (Amadeus). In reality, there is a relatively small amount of supporting evidence that Saltier had a vendetta against Mozart.In 1970, Mozart publicly accused Saltier of conspiring against him and his new opera, Coos fan tutee. These allegations were largely unrecognized. However, as Mozart became more and more popular, and, conversely, Saltier became less, those allegations gained credence (Thayer, 43-45). Mozart suspicions of Saltier may have originated in 1781 when Mozart applied to be the music tutor of the Princess of W;retirement, but Saltier was selected instead because of his good reputation as a singing teacher. In the following year Mozart failed, again, to be selected as the Princesss piano teacher (Marshall, 58-59).Later on, when Mozart Lee Nozzle did Figaro was not popular with either the royal court or by the public, Mozart blamed Saltier for the failure. But at the time of the premiere of Figaro, Saltier was busy with his new French opera Less Horace (Thayer, 82-84). But there is much more evidence of a friendly, or at least cooperative, atmosphere between the two than actual hostility. For example, when Saltier was appointed Experimentalist in 1788, he revived Mozart The Marriage of Figaro. Saltier and Mozart even composed a duet piece for vocals and piano together called Per la recuperate elute did Offline.A number of Mozart pieces, including the famous symphony in G minor K. 550, had been printed and produced on the suggestion of Saltier, who even conducted a performance of the symphony, himself, in 1791 (Thayer, 112). In his last surviving letter from October 14th, 1791, Mozart tells his wife about Galleries attendance at his opera Die Subterfuge K 620, enthusiastically: He heard and saw Ninth all his attention, and from the overture to the last choir there was no piece that didnt elicit a bravo or belle out of him. It is also largely believed that Saltier visitedMozart while on his deathbed and was one of the few attendants at Mozart funeral Marshall, 108). Mozart murder on his deathbed. Galleries two nurses, Goodliest Parkas and George Rosenberg, as well as his family doctor Joseph Right, attested that he never said any such thing. At least one of these three people was with him throughout his hospitalizing (Thayer, 132). In November 1823, Saltier tried unsuccessfully to commit suicide (London, 173), and was hospitalized. But there are no references detailing a stay in an insane asylum. As for murdering Mozart, there is an abundance of evidence against it.Court Councilor Eduardo Vincent Gulden von Lobes, a doctor who had been consulted about Mozart illness and death, indignantly denied any poisoning (London, 174). He refers to Mozart medical history, which was very extensive. In 1762, Mozart contracted an infection in the upper respiratory tract due to streptococcal infection, the effects of which may be delayed for weeks, months and even years (London, 176). Later in 1762, he suffered a mild attack of rheumatic fever. In 1764, he contracted tonsillitis. The list of sicknesses continues and grows for the next seven years of Mozart life (London, 176-177).At the time of Mozart death, the accepted cause was rheumatic fever, and that is largely accepted by most scholars today (London, 174). There is finally no evidence that Saltier was Jealous of Mozart stealing his love interest since Saltier had met his wife in 1775; years before he ever met Mozart. (New Grove Dictionary Online) The majority of movies portraying great artists tend to paint a dull educational picture, resulting in the subject of the film being far less interesting than his work. Amadeus is an exception. This is because the director and screenwriter of the film rafted a heartfelt story of Mozart, filled with powerful drama.Some details even remained relatively accurate. Mozart concerts and operas were shut down prematurely, and Saltier always held more influence among the court than Mozart. Out the problem with the majority of Amadeus is that it was crafted. As far as biographical accuracy is concerned, this film is horribly fictitious. Many details were altered, not Just ones concerning the relationship between Mozart and Saltier. But the creative plot served its purpose and created one of the most thrilling and satisfying stories in cinematic history.

To Be Sympathetic or to Not Be Sympathetic Bigger Thomas Essay Example

To Be Sympathetic or to Not Be Sympathetic: Bigger Thomas Paper In today’s society we live in a nation, which has abolished slavery, and the gap between the whites and the blacks during the early stages of Americas development has plainly carried into the present. In Native Son, author Richard Wright illustrates this racial gap, in addition to demonstrating how white oppression upon blacks is capable of producing revengeful individuals, not to mention being an immoral act in itself. Bigger Thomas is one of those individuals, who discovers his capacity to rebel through acts of murder against the white society, which has for long oppressed his family, friends, and himself. By tracing Biggers psyche from before the murder of Mary Dalton, into the third book of the novel, and into the subconscious depths of the final scene, the development of Biggers self realization becomes evident. Throughout the novel, Bigger commits murder twice and engages in other behavior that the reader is likely to find socially and morally unacceptable. Yet one might argue that Bigger merely responded to the conditions in which he lived and which shaped him. If one advocates such a response, Bigger might be viewed as a sympathetic character. My position, with respect to this dilemma, is that Bigger has a way to control his actions and the actions he chose come with major consequences. Although Bigger had to conceal his slave mentality, Bigger should have rebelled against the bad route in his life and chose the good path, since nobody can serve his jail time but HIM. We will write a custom essay sample on To Be Sympathetic or to Not Be Sympathetic: Bigger Thomas specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To Be Sympathetic or to Not Be Sympathetic: Bigger Thomas specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To Be Sympathetic or to Not Be Sympathetic: Bigger Thomas specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer An entire period of Biggers life, up until the murder of Mary Dalton, portrays him under a form of slavery, where the white society governs his state of being. While he worked for the Daltons, his courage to live depended upon how successfully his fear was hidden from his consciousness(44), and hate also builds on top of this fear. Once he is in contact with Mary, his fears and hate pour out in a rebellious act of murder, because to Bigger Mary symbolizes the white oppression. In addition, he committed the act, because it had made him feel free for the first time in his life(255). At last he feels he is in control of his actions and mentality. He rebels against the burden of the white mans torment. He had been scared and mad all . . . [his] life(328), until he killed Mary. After this, he was not scared of anyone, anymore. Thus, the murder of Mary Dalton serves as a turning point in Biggers life, for it breaks him free of subservience to anyone other

Nandos Successes and Failures Essay Example

Nandos Successes and Failures Essay Example Nandos Successes and Failures Paper Nandos Successes and Failures Paper Nodes * Its success Is due to Its commitment to encouraging and developing the skills of Its workforce. Of management used to be cashiers or grilles. Communication and implementation of its core value systems is important. * one part chicken; one part people * Combining the right people with a winning product has got Nodes to where it is Nodes Vision: To keep exploring new territory. Nodes justified its vision by keeping an underachieving store open. They franchised the store, and with the right people in charge, the underachieving store made a complete turnaround. Advantage or Disadvantage: 30% company owned 65% franchisee owned * 5% Joint venture operations Franchisees can become complacent and not treat the brand with the same dedication as the owners. Advantage: * Risky decisions are commonplace In Nodes culture. * Opportunities arise and Unhands makes decisions to capitalize on them. Is an ethos that forms the entrepreneurial lifeblood of the company. Disadvantage: This * The risky decisions tend to make franchisees nervous, as some franchisees might not be risk takers by nature. This can be turned Into an advantage, as Unhands promotes open communication and transparency between the owners and raunchiness. General * Everything at Nodes is designed to support its people. Evidence that Ands is more than Just a business for profit. * Franchisers transfer their beliefs and excitement about the brand to Its franchisees. * Unhands management lead by example a good entrepreneur knows that this Is essential. * Monads wants to attract people who share their core values, pride, passion, courage and integrity. They attract vibrant, adventurous people and strive to keep them. Ands in AS is looking at moving into the fast-casual market in order to differentiate themselves. True entrepreneurs always strive to stay ahead of their competition, by moving into new markets, or changing their product offerings. * Ands strives to show customers true excellence Ana GAO value rate in AS. Overseas markets Nanas NAS a Trances success * Nodes aims to have 25 restaurants in the USA b y 2015 successful in Australia, I-J, Singapore, Malaysia The Entrepreneurs: Borzoi and Treated * Franchises are highly Borzoi had no experience in the food industry he saw an opportunity and capitalized on it. Treated was born in Portugal, and introduced Borzoi to a Portuguese stature in Johannesburg. They took the risk of buying it, despite being warned that the fast food industry was unprofitable, flooded by too many role players. Nodes Advertising * Entrepreneur Borzoi identified the importance of marketing as a key factor in Nodes strategy. * Nodes developed a unique and irreverent style of external communications. * This allowed them to stand out from their conservative competitors and to achieve greater effects at a lower cost. * Their advertising is rooted in their in-depth understanding of the local markets psyche. Nodes definitely has a good sense of humor! This sets them apart from other fast food giants as their style is unique and it would be difficult for competitors to copy their style. * Nodes approach: Marketing efforts focus on establishing our distinctiveness. * As part of its strategy, Nodes identified adventurous brand building as a core component. * Their advertising is always provocative, topical, interesting, generating public comment and debate. * Managers believe strongly in the brand, focusing their energies on building brand equity. Their marketing is extended to community level, each store is encouraged to be involved in local remissions that support communities and simultaneously promoting the Nodes image. Problems experienced going abroad * In the mid asss entrepreneurs from Asia became interested in Nodes concept. * Borzoi was informed that Nodes did not have the infrastructure to handle a global expansion successfully. * The south African operations had grown and the st ructure was becoming more difficult to manage. * Borzoi realized that a change in approach was needed (entrepreneurs need to be strategic in their thinking. In this case, Borzoi showed this by realizing that the change was needed in order to be successful). * Nodes international was formed in 1995 to leverage international business. Mike Denton-Stevens was appointed as the group development strategist. * Denton-Stevens was directly responsible to Borzoi for the formulation and monitoring of global strategies and the development of systems, models and manuals. * He spent more than 2 years building models, writing manuals. Very thorough planning indeed! Generalness Take wilt International expansion * Nodes struggled with the idea of how to retain their culture and values while expanding abroad. It was challenging to build critical mass in overseas markets. In most countries people were not familiar with Portuguese food. Nodes thought it would be a simple matter of using their advertising style in AS in the overseas markets. They realized that their advertising would have to be more educational in nature. Humor is a cultural thing and Nodes assumed that humor and irreverence were good positioning strategies worldwide. * Marketing manuals for the overseas markets were written as do it yourself manuals. Countries had to market at store level, in order to gain a feel for their market.

Assessment Of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction

Assessment Of Frontal Lobe Dysfunction It has been established that the frontal lobes play a major part in an individual’s decision making, planning, problem solving, social, emotional and behavioural skills. Consequently dysfunction of the frontal lobe can cause a wide range of symptoms (Kolb and Wishaw 1996) leading to relatively specific clinical dysfunction therefore a neuropsychological assessment is necessary to be carried out on the patient. The present study looks at the case of patient Mr. A who is reported to experience attention difficulties and problems with planning and organising after sustaining a head injury. Three neuropsychological tests have been used; WCST, TMT and TEA in order to identify the extent of the deficit. In line with previous research Mr. A’s performed poorly on tests and scored low in comparison to the normative scores. Other tests have also been suggested as well as strategies of rehabilitation for the patient. Frontal lobe located at the front of the cerebral hemisphere is the largest lobe in the brain associated with an individual’s personality and emotional control. The frontal lobes are responsible for planning, organising, selective attention, personality, behaviour and emotions. As well as this the frontal lobes are also involved in motor function (Passingham 1995), Spontaneity of behaviour (Kolb and Milner 1981), initiation, judgement, impulse control (Milner 1964, Miller 1985), social and sexual behaviour (Damasio 1985). More specifically the right frontal lobe is associated with an individual’s sense of humour, self awareness, self face recognition and episodic memory (Stuss 1991, Fink et al 1996, Wheeler et al 1997, Levine et al 1998, Craik et al 1999, Keenan et al 1999, Shammi and Stuss 1999). It is the orbitofrontal cortex that arbitrates empathic, civil and socially appropriate behaviour (Mega and Cummings 1994). Furthermore it is also reported that executive processes of the prefrontal lobe are responsible for planning, mon itoring, energizing, switching and inhibition (Stuss 2007). In the recent years cognitive neuroscience studies have shown that damage to the frontal lobe can affect high level of cognitive functions as well as an individual’s personality, their social behaviour, personal memories and their self awareness (Alexander et al 1979, Brazzelli et al 1994, Damasio 1994, Adolphs et al 1995, Channon and Crawford 1999, Rogers et al 1999, Stuss et al 2001). Studies have also shown that damage to the prefrontal lobe particularly damage to the ventromedial frontal is associated with poor decision making (Eslinger and Damasio 1985, Harlow 1999, Ackerly 2000). In addition to this damage to the left or right orbitofrontal results in personality changes including indifference or impaired social judgement, impaired pragmatics, deficient effective responsiveness, poor self-regulation and lack of ability to relate social situations with personal experience (Nauta 1973, Stuss and Benson 1983, Kacz marek 1984). Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex also results in the patient’s change of personality whereby they might become more irritable, labile, display lack of self restraint and fail to respond to the conventions of socially acceptable behaviour. In some case studies patients have reported descriptions of behavioural changes that are related to social difficulties such as egocentrism, insensitivity to social cues, unresponsiveness to another’s opinion, lack of self restraint, diminished foresight, impaired self monitoring, a propensity to show signs of inappropriate affect and social withdrawal (Eslinger and Damasio 1985, Eslinger et al 1992, Price et al 1990). The famous case of Phineas Gage was the first case study to highlight the impact of frontal lobe damage on an individual’s personality, decision making and social behaviour (Damasio 1994). Phineas Gage suffered an extreme injury to the frontal lobe when a 13 pound, 3-foot-long tamping rod when thro ugh his head; entering through his left cheek and exiting through the midline of his skull. Astonishingly after the event Gage still had the ability to walk, communicate and remain lucid and was examined by Dr Harlow (1848) who noticed the changes in his behaviour. In his report Harlow identified that from previously being identified as a smart, efficient, dependable and capable foreman by his employers and diligent, honest and well liked by friends, after his accident Gage became fitful, irreverent, foulmouthed liar, impatient, extravagant, anti social and profane especially when advice was given to him that he didn’t like (Harlow 1868).

Another new assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Another new assignment - Essay Example The patient, who is the direct recipient of the delivery of health care service, is the most qualified person to assess, evaluate and judge the quality of healthcare that he or she receives. If the patient is totally immobile or unconscious during the confinement in the health institution, then, the immediate relative (spouse, children) who regularly accompanies the patient and oversees the delivery of the required medical services, is the next authorized person to gauge the quality of health care rendered and received by the patient. Quality is measured in terms of customer perspectives with emphasis on the following: (1) accessibility and availability of service; (2) timely and safe delivery of service; (3) coordination and continuity of care between services; and (4) effectiveness of services (i.e., the delivery and outcome of care). (ibid. p. 74) Delaune & Ladner (2006) averred that â€Å"a healthcare organization must be concerned with doing the right things (efficiency, appropriateness) and doing the right things well (availability, timeliness, effectiveness, continuity, safety, efficiency, and respect and caring)† (p. 74) Quality measurement consists of evaluating three interrelated components: structure (philosophy, guidelines, facilities, financial resources, policies, procedures, and job descriptions); process (nursing care and standards of care); and finally, outcome (client’s health status, self-care abilities, acquisition of knowledge, and higher level of wellness). The steps enumerated in Table 1 utilized by John Groocock in a big manufacturing firm have some parallelism to the measurement of quality in a healthcare institution except that the terminologies and classifications are not exactly the same. As previously noted, the elements needed in evaluating the quality of care in a hospital setting fall under three categories: structure, process, and outcome.

What is Public Administration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is Public Administration - Research Paper Example e of functions such as developing policy and legislation; implementing policies; managing programs, people, and budgets; and providing vital daily services for the well-being of citizens Public administration refers to two meanings: first, it is concerned with the implementation of government policy; second, it is an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service. Instructions: This research paper should be a one page summary on a letter size 8.5 x 11 paper with the information on the front and back of the page. It should be typed single spaced, 12pt font, include in the summary a chart, diagram, or an at-a-glance view on a main idea in the reading. Students will be expected to include in the summary a current event (within one year) issue relative to the topic. You may consult any number of sources, newspapers,on-line news, news magazines, journals, news and or political television shows.The student is expected to cite any such source in the response. First paragraph (Topic of Focus: brief overview of "What is Public Administration?", Chapter two of The Politics of the Administrative Process by Donald F. Kettl. The header should be at the start of the paragraph, typed in bold font, 12pt, Times New Roman Third Paragraph header in bold, 12pt fontin Times New Roman writing style "What I Know Now" (Describe how your diagram, chart, or table expresses an at-a-glance view of what you learned in the

Vaccination Case Study Essay Example for Free

Vaccination Case Study Essay I. Introduction a.Thesis: Children should be vaccinated because vaccination protects them against sickness, reduces the spread of common ailments, and can protect individuals who cannot be vaccinated. b. Strategy: Ask a provoking/rhetorical question II.Protecting against sickness III.Reducing the spread of common ailments IV.Protecting individuals who can’t be vaccinated V.Conclusion a.Strategy: Recommendation Did you know that some childhood diseases, such as polio, whooping cough, and especially the measles, have nearly been eliminated in the United States due to the implementation of vaccination (â€Å"Lode Tot, Other Cases Prompt Call for Vaccinations† 1)? Unfortunately, these diseases and others like them are now making a comeback thanks to parents who are reluctant to have their children vaccinated. I believe children should be vaccinated because vaccination protects them against sickness, reduces the spread of common ailments, and can protect individuals who cannot be vaccinated. The first pressing reason to vaccinate children is to prevent them from contracting diseases. It can hardly be argued that immunizations fail to protect the majority of children from getting the infection the immunization was designed to prevent. In the 18th century, for example, hundreds of thousands of Americans were infected by a crippling condition called polio. Polio was a terrible infection that caused sufferers to lose the use of their legs. Many had to walk with braces or crutches. Some lost the ability to walk and had to be placed in wheelchairs, while others were so disabled they became unable to engage in any physical activity, or even died of the condition. Polio was so prevalent it even affected American president Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Schnell 2)! Thanks to vaccinations, today polio is all but unheard of in the USA, and in other countries that immunize against it. This example alone should show the desirability of immunization. Who would want to see a family member crippled to the point  of death from a preventable condition? In addition to protecting single individuals from illness, vaccinations protect entire communities, including both children and adults. One person who contracts an illness has the potential to transfer it to literally millions of others. For example, in Africa a single person contracted Ebola from eating contaminated game in the spring of 2014, and now sources say 1.4 million people could be infected within nine months of the first case (Mansbridge 1). Imagine of that single person could have been vaccinated! Hundreds of thousands of people might not have contracted the virus, and might have lived. At the very least, they would not have endured a horrible period of sickness. This means that when parents vaccinate their children, they are protecting everyone who would come into contact with them, even at a remove of hundreds or thousands of middle-men. Therefore, vaccinating can even protect people from future generations, because allowing contagious diseased to be transmitted also al lows them to persist through time. Vaccination also provides a useful service to a particularly vulnerable subset of the population: those individuals who, for one reason or another, cannot be vaccinated. When the population vaccinates regularly, few or no people can get an illness, and those who cannot take vaccines are never exposed to it. However, when people fail to vaccinate their children, the illnesses creep in, and those

An analysis of how dikh (‘justice’) and its associated values are Essay

An analysis of how dikh (‘justice’) and its associated values are presented and translated in two passages from Sophocles: Electra. What broader issues are raised and how would these be investigated further? The concept of dikh, or ‘justice’ has many subtle meanings and variations in Ancient Greek ranging from the primary definition given in LS (Liddell and Scotts, ‘Greek-English Lexicon’, Intermediate, 1889, page 202) of custom to right, judgement, lawsuit, penalty and vengeance. The OCD (Hornblower S, Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1996, Page 469) reference to Likh describes it as the, ‘personification of justice’ and the daughter of Zeus that, ‘reports men’s wrongdoing to Zeus’. Sophocles’ rendition of the tragic play Electra forms a useful focal point for the analysis of how dike and its associated values are presented and translated. As Kitto (Kitto, H.D.F, ‘Greek Tragedy’, 1997, Routledge Page 131, Section 4) pointed out, this play’s, ‘central problem is a problem of ‘dikh’ (‘Justice’). The play itself examines both the desire for justice by the children of the murdered Agamemnon as well as the arguments of justice by his wife (Clytaemnestra for his murder). All of this takes place under the watchful eye of Apollo, the God of both reason and prophecy, both of which play a part in the story that is told. The first extract is that of the argument between Clytaemnestra and Electra (Sophocles, Translator Watling, E.F., ‘Electra and other plays’, pg 84-56, lines 518-543) concerning her justification for the murder of Agamemnon. In this extract we are presented with a selection of references to justice and how Clytaemnestra explains how she was right in her murder of her husband. At line 518 (Ibid.,) she complains at her portrayal as ‘an unjust tyrant’, presumably implying that she was not within her right or custom to kill him. Between lines 524-526 (Ibid.,) she says that justice and duty are tied together and that her duty was to seek justice whilst Electra failed in this area. At line 535 (Ibid.,) she says, ‘why should he not be brought to justice for killing what was mine?’. In modern terms this could be considered simple revenge, or dikhn. She is does not justify her action because of tradition or precedent, purely because he took something of hers. In lines 539-541 (Ibid.,) she argues that Agamemnon love might ... ... study ties in perfectly with the idea of moral dilemmas, duty and especially justice. In ‘Electra’ we find our idea of our own values and those of the period to be challenged, this study may assist here. Williams. B, ‘Moral Luck’, 1981, Cambridge Williams. B, ‘Problems of the self’, 1973, Cambridge Williams. B, ‘Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy’, 1985, Cambridge Williams’ work covered a wide range of ethical and morals areas and his research is relatively recent. ‘Moral Luck’, though not directly related will almost certainly have a few useful ideas concerning fate and possibly justification. Plato, Translator Guthrie, W.K.C. ‘Protagoras and Meno’, 1956, Penguin Books Plato discusses the idea of virtue in great depth in the ‘Protagoras’ and this could shed further light on the ideas of virtue, honour, duty and possibly justice. Aeschylus, Translator Fagles, R, ‘The Orestia’, 1977, Penguin Books Euripides, Editor Ferguson, J , "Medea and Electra", 1987, Bristol Classical Press Another version of the story of Electra would be of great use, especially by another tragedian, in this case Euripides. This version is written as more of a melodrama.

Education System in Pakistan Essay

The education system in Pakistan is generally divided into five levels:- 1) Primary (Grades one to Grade 5) 2) Middle (Grades six to Grade 8) 3) High (Grade Nine to Grade 10) Also known as Secondary 4) Intermediate (Grade eleven to 12) Also known as Higher Secondary 5) University (Undergraduate and Graduate degree) (14 to 16 Years of Education) 1) Primary Level of Education The standard national system of education is mainly inspired from the British System. Pre-School education is designed for 3-5 years old and usually consists of three stages (Play Group, Nursery and Kindergarten (KG)). After pre-school education, students go through junior school from grade 1 to 5. Only 80% of Pakistani children finish primary school education. 2) Middle Level of Education After passing grade 5 Examination which is conducted by the Punjab Examination Commission Lahore, students are promoted in to Middle Level ie grade 6 to 8. At middle level single-sex education is usually preferred by the community but co-education is also common in urban cities of the Pakistan. Subject Taught at Middle Level of Education: At middle level of education the eight commonly examined subjects are Urdu, English, Mathematics, Arts, Science, Social Studies, Islamiyat and sometime Computer Studies. Some institutes also give instruction in foreign languages such as Turkish, Arabic, Persian, French and Chinese. The language of instruction depends on the nature of the institution itself, whether it is an English medium school or an Urdu medium School. 3) High/Secondary Level of Education After passing grade 8 Examination which is conducted by the Punjab Examination Commission Lahore, Students are promoted to High/Secondary Level ie grade 9 to 10 which is also known Secondary School Certificate (SSC). Students are required to pass a national examination administered by a regional Board of Intermediate & Secondary Education (BISE). Upon successful completion of these two examination, they are awarded a SSC Certificate. This locally known as â€Å"Matriculation†. Subject Taught at Secondary Level of Education: The curriculum usually includes a combination of eight courses including elective subject such as (Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Computer) as well as compulsory subject such as (Mathematics, English, Urdu, Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies). 4) Intermediate/Higher Secondary Level of Education The students are promoted to grade 11 after passing of grade 10. Upon successful completion of grade 11 and grade 12 Examination by the BISE, students are awarded the Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSSC). This level of education is also called the FSc/FA or â€Å"Intermediate†. There are many groups that students can choose for their 11 and 12 grades, such as pre-medical, pre-engineering, humanities and commerce. Subject Taught at Intermediate/Higher Secondary Level of Education: At Intermediate level each group consists of three elective and as well as three compulsory subject of English, Urdu, Islamiyat(grade 11 only) and Pakistan Studies (Grade 12 only). 6) University Level of Education (Undergraduate and Graduate degree) After earning HSSC (Higher Secondary School Certificate), students may study in a professional college/University for Bachelor’s degree courses such as engineering (B.Engg/BS Engg), medicine (MBBS), dentistry (BDS), veterinary medicine (DVM), law (LLB), architecture (B. Arch), pharmacy (Pharm-D) and nursing (B. Nurs). These courses require four or five years of study. There are some councils and boards that will handle all the educational matters in these cases and they are known as the PMDC, Pakistan pharmacy council and Pakistan nursing council. Students can also attend a university for Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (B. Sc), Bachelor of Commerce (B. Com). At university level there are two types of Bachelor courses in Pakistan: Pass or Honors. Pass degree requires two years of study and students normally read three optional subjects (such as Chemistry or Economics) in addition to almost equal number of compulsory subject such as English and Pakistan Studies. Honours degree required three or four years of study, and students normally specialize in a chosen field of study such as Microbiology (BS Hons. Microbiology). After successful completion of B. A,B. Sc, students enrolled in Master degree programme that require 2 years education to get the Master degree. Masters in Philosophy (M. Phil) is available in most of the subject and can be undertaken after doing Masters. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) education is also available in selected areas and is usually pursued after earning a M. Phil degree. Students pursuing M. Phil or PhD degree must choose a specific field and a university that is doing research work in that filed. M. Phil and PhD education in Pakistan requires minimum of 2 years of study. Dr. Qaisar Abbas Janjua M. A (Education).

Freedom of Information

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 1BACKGROUND OF STUDY In a nation there are some fundamental elements that demonstrate the true existence of certain rights in such a society and these go a long way in showing that it is truly developed in every sense of the word. The level of a nation’s â€Å"maturity† depends on how well it fulfils these elements, one of which is Freedom of information. A government ought to be accountable to its people. Freedom of information has two sides namely, the freedom to convey information, and the freedom to access information.As such, it consists of press freedom and freedom to access any information by the general public. According to Hughes â€Å"the concept of freedom refers to a certain type of political empowerment. It refers specifically to equal empowerment. In other words, a free society is one with an equal distribution of legal rights and in which each and every person has as much legal rights as possible † (Hughes. , 2007). And the Oxford dictionary goes on to say define information as â€Å"Knowledge communicated concerning some particular fact, subject or event; that of which one is apprised or told; intelligence, news†.Freedom of information simply put, gives you the right to ask any public body for all the information they have on any subject you choose (â€Å"Freedom of information,† 2001). Having listened to so much talk about â€Å"freedom of information† it is indeed pertinent to carefully and deliberately look into the likely objects of the government at different stages or rather eras of press freedom in Nigeria and express likely views on the issue.The study will also outline importance of freedom of information, consequences and eventual support for or disapproval of freedom of information in the society, making comparisons of this in both military and civilian regimes from Nigeria’s independence till date. This will be the rationale of this study. According to artic le 19 of the universal human rights, every person has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, to hold opinions without interference and to convey or access information through any media. This study seeks to investigate the practice of this in Nigeria, at different points in time. . 2OBJECTIVES OF STUDY The major objectives of this research as previously mentioned in the background of study are: 1. To outline the freedom of information at different stages in Nigeria – the past, the present and the future of freedom of information going forward. 2. To look at the metamorphosis of freedom of information in Nigeria from its independence in 1960 till date. 3. To research and discuss the likely developments to be expected in this regard as well as where we are with freedom of information and bills being worked on. 4.To tender likely solutions to the problems and limitations of Freedom of information in Nigeria. 1. 3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The study is focused on exploring th e how freedom to convey, air and publish views or information affected us in the past, and how it has affected our growth as a nation. It also seeks to pin point the state of things with regards to the research topic, as well as prospects for the future. 1. 4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research will answer the following questions: †¢What was the state of freedom of information in the country during the early stages of our independence? What was the state of freedom of information in the military era? †¢What was the implication of the level of freedom of information on the nation during that era? †¢What has been the state of freedom of information during the civilian era? †¢How has the state of freedom of information affected the growth of Nigeria as a nation? †¢What is the current state of freedom of information in the country? †¢What are the prospects and solutions to problems with freedom of information? 1. 5SCOPE OF STUDYThe study will examine freedom of information under press freedom and freedom of access to information by the public. It will examine this under such eras as, the military and civilian eras and will weigh the progress made over time, as well as make comparisons of both periods. The study will also outline the steps taken for or against the freedom of information with regards to press freedom and accessibility to information by the different administrations. It will examine the ways in which the government has affected freedom of information and how this has affected or will affect our growth as a nation. . 6RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research will make use of both primary and secondary sources of information. The primary sources to be used will include the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, statute books, law reports, journals as well as other relevant materials, pertaining to freedom of information. The secondary sources to be used are texts and other online materials written within and outside t he country, dictionaries and other materials that will aid in answering the research questions. . 7LITERATURE REVIEW The literature to be reviewed includes a number of journals, texts, as well as scholarly articles which are relevant to the study. The study seeks to develop on previous works by different authors and scholars. 1. 8CONCLUSION The study should conclusively after considering the pros and cons as well as development and implications of freedom of information fall in tune with the agitation of freedom of information or agree that indeed a limit should be rested on.It will also arrival on conclusions on the stand of the government, the press and the people on press freedom as well as solutions proffered to the problems of freedom of information. Work Cited Sveiby , K. (1994, October). Information in etymology. Retrieved from http://www. sveiby. com/articles/Information. html Freedom of information. (2001, SEPMTEMBER). Retrieved from http://www. direct. gov. uk/en/governmen tcitizensandrights/yourrightsandresponsibilities/dg_4003239 Hughes. , S. (2007, May). What freedom means to me. Retrieved from http://onlinephilosophyclub. com/definition-of-freedom. php

Crime and Drug Use misc1 essays

Crime and Drug Use misc1 essays Crime and Drug Use federal tax dollars to fund these therapeutic communities in prisons. I feel that if we teach these prisoners some self-control and alternative lifestyles that we can keep them from reentering the prisons once they get out. I am also going to describe some of todays programs that have proven to be very effective. Gottfredson and Hirschi developed the general theory of crime. It According to their theory, the criminal act and the criminal offender are separate concepts. The criminal act is perceived as opportunity; illegal activities that people engage in when they perceive them to be advantageous. Crimes are committed when they promise rewards with minimum threat of pain or punishment. Crimes that provide easy, short-term gratification are often committed. The number of offenders may remain the same, while crime rates fluctuate due to the amount of opportunity (Siegel 1998). Criminal offenders are people that are predisposed to committing crimes. This does not mean that they have no choice in the matter, it only means that their self-control level is lower than average. When a person has limited self-control, they tend to be more impulsive and shortsighted. This ties back in with crimes that are committed that provide easy, short-term gratification. These people do not necessarily have a tendency to commit crimes, they just do not look at long-term consequences and they tend to be reckless and self-centered (Longshore 1998, pp.102-113). These people with lower levels of self-control also engage in non-criminal acts as well. These acts include drinking, gambling, smoking, and illicit sexual activity (Siegel 1998). Also, drug use is a common act that is performed by these people. They do not look at the consequences of the drugs, while they get the short-term gratification. Sometimes this drug abuse becomes an addiction and then the person will commit other small crimes to get the drugs or them money to get the d...

Creating Good Relationships with the Public through Well Designed Dissertation

Creating Good Relationships with the Public through Well Designed Communication - Dissertation Example Good design is always an important element of any creation, but in politics the impact can be a defining element for the future. Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction Design is a part of the way that life is translated through the creation of objects and ideas that support modern life. When a design is flawed, the purpose of an object can become a hindrance to an effective result. An example of this can be seen in the butterfly ballots in Florida during the 2000 election in the United States where the Presidency was affected by the inadequacy of the design. The future of the world was impacted by the decision that was cast through a voting system that was inadequate to the purpose of its design. Discussing Design Design is the kind of word that has a great many meanings and can be applied to a great number of applications in the human experience. Designing something means creating an arrangement that will meet a specific goal. Design can mean creating a visual impact through the edito rial point of view as it is adapted for fashion or for interiors, or through the impact of design aesthetics on a message that is intended to persuade or inform. Design, in all of its forms, is an action and the consequence of the action is to communicate something from the designer to the public with the designed product being the conduit of the information. To design is to intend a communication. There are a great number of ways in which design impacts our daily life without considering that it has been designed to specifically create intent for the framework of the way we perceive the world. Culture is created through the application of designed perceptions on the way in which life is lived. This does not mean that the communication of the design has the impact that is intended, but it does mean that it will have a form of impact that can influence the direction of cultural development. Design is the activity of the creator, but the meanings that are interpreted from what has bee n designed belongs to the public. The conduit, the object that has been designed does not always have to be a tangible item. The design intent can be intangible, a method of creating communication that impacts the receiver in such a way as to enact an impression towards information that the designer wishes to convey. The design of this impact can be through a variety of related symbols of what is intended, everything from the clothing that an individual who represents that information wears to the way in which text that is related to the information is chosen to convey some form of meaning upon the words that are used. Summary The following paper is intended to explore the way in which design has impacted the political landscape, using the United States as a central example. Modern life is the result of design as objects can be seen as a part of the development of culture for the utilitarianism of the objects. When the utility of an object fails, the consequences can be understood a s long reaching and fateful in terms of how the world evolves. Design, therefore, is an act that is aggressive and

End of Cold War and Collapse of Soviet Union Essay

End of Cold War and Collapse of Soviet Union - Essay Example e 1980s in order to determine why the Soviet Union left Eastern Europe and the extent to which Gorbachev can be held responsible for the subsequent collapse of communism. Though the reasons for the collapse of communism in the CEE countries are numerous, Gorbachev is at the heart of the said event. Historians have examined the dramatic end of the Cold War almost since the day the Berlin Wall came crashing down. Some, most notably Karen Dawisha, predicted the event earlier. She released her book Eastern Europe, Gorbachev, and Reform in 1988, and understood that Gorbachev knew the regimes in Eastern Europe were illegitimate, placed in power by the Soviet Union on the coattails of the Red Army's entrance into the area during the closing days of World War II.2 However, she argued that if Gorbachev was serious in his intentions concerning noninterference in the affairs of sovereign states, then Eastern Europe would likely soon break away from the Soviet grasp and attempt to move west.3 Charles Gati theorized in his important work The Bloc that Failed: Soviet-East European Relations in Transition, that the Soviet Union lost control of Eastern Europe due to an extraordinary domestic crisis which consumed their attention and resources.4 Moreover, The Warsaw Pact was an ineffective mec hanism for collective security, according to Gati, since its member states each had different perceived enemies, oftentimes another member of the Warsaw Pact.5 Joseph Rothschild stated that the stability of Eastern Europe depended directly on the economic performance of the country in question.6 By the time Gorbachev came to power, he realized that a serious overhaul of the system was necessary due to the flagging economies of the Eastern Europe satellite states, in crisis before but never this severely. Like Charles Gati, Rothschild stated that by the 1980s, Eastern Europe had broken out of the conformist mold placed on it after World War II by Joseph Stalin, and each country began to pursue its own different interests.7 Thus the "Soviet bloc" was a collection of different states each moving in its own direction; Gorbachev had very limited choices, and ultimately let them Return to Diversity. These views hold to the tenet that the breakup of the Soviet bloc was due to internal fact ors in the countries of Eastern Europe.8 Other authors have studied the internal demise of the Soviet Union, placing the emphasis on themes ranging from the nationalities problem to incorrect decisions by the General Secretary. Helene Carrere d' Encausse examined the former in her work The End of the Soviet Empire, in which she chronicled the difficulty of governing an empire

The importance of having a strategic procurement plan Essay

The importance of having a strategic procurement plan - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that procurement planning as noted by Sanjay is a dynamic process that needs input from different groups of professionals. Therefore John recommends that strategic procurement and planning in an organization should be performed by a multidisciplinary team established particularly for the duty, with the involvement of various technical and management professional who is experienced in procurement and supply management of strategic health supplies. Where necessary, the procurement planning team might request expertise and advice from certain advisors.   The multidisciplinary team is established to make sure that the planning process is not interrupted. The responsibilities of the team are not merely limited to the planning of the products, rather it as well involves monitoring, evaluation, and implementation of the strategic procurement plan. The procurement of health products such as medicines in a healthcare organization requires full kno wledge of the supply system, the sister organizations and other institutions involved. To make sure that there is a continuous availability of products within the organization, the procurement planning team of the organization, has to formulate, coordinate, carry out and monitor the entire procurement process. The team should perform a quick situation evaluation of the supply system to establish possible problems and bottlenecks that could negatively impact the availability of products within the main organization and sister organizations. As explained by Sanjay medicines supply system is cyclic in its nature whereby each task is supported by the past task and leads systematically to the next. Supposing each task is carried out independently of one another instead of being an element of an integrated system, the result is increases in costs, frequent stock shortages and deterioration in the quality of patient care. A good example of this aspect can be viewed in the needs estimation process when there is accurate, well-written and regularly updated epidemiological accounts and information on the use of the product and purchases might become more accurate, efficient and timely.

Estimiting the half - value layer thikness Lab Report

Estimiting the half - value layer thikness - Lab Report Example Alpha particles are easily shielded thus they will present no external radiation hazard. The thickness of material of 50% of the underlying incident energy has been attenuated and known as half-value layer (HVL) and it is normally expressed in either mm or cm. Photo energy is normally dependent on the increasing energy of the stream of photons thus resulting to increase in material HVL. The experimental equipment was outlined as shown in the figure below. The radioactive sources are encapsulated in thin metal shield that absorbs beta radiation accompanying the decay. The alpha radiation is solely slightly attenuated but the beta radiation. Every source is contained within a cylindrical lead radiation shield in order to eradicate eminent health hazards Measurement was performed to verify the statistics of the prevailing pulse counting (cf Data examination). Cs-137 source was used and mounted on a single lead slab amidst sources and corresponding GM-tube X-rays are normally absorbed in an exponential manner A= A0e(-0692h/H where A0 is the original x-ray intensity, A is the x-ray intensity transmitted via an absorber of thickness x,e is the natural logarithm system and  µ is the slope of the underlying absorption curve(normally linear attenuation coefficient measured in per cm). Linear attenuation coefficient is associated to the corresponding density of the absorber. The half-value layer is normally the thickness of the radiation absorbing material that reduces x-ray intensity by  ½. Based on the value from the slope of the natural log plot, the thickness of aluminium and wood in regard to reduction of the gamma beam intensity from the radioactive Cs-137 source to the corresponding its initial intensity. The main human error was random error from the experimenter thus I can be controlled by taking many readings. For a thickness of 2HVL the corresponding photon intensity was reduced by  ¼ of the initial value whilst for a

Principles, Characteristics and Features of Programming

Principles, Characteristics and Features of Programming Discuss the principles, characteristics and features of  programming using a .NET framework. The .NET Framework is created as an integrated environment for seamlessly developing and running applications on the internet, on the PC as Windows Forms, and even on the compact Framework mobile devices. The Main goals are: 1.Provide scenario across a wide range of programs. 2.Provide a scenario that reduces the (DLL) versioning conflicts that is tackled by COM programmers 3.Simplification of the code installation and distribution steps. 4.Supply portable environment. 5.Supply managed scenario in which code is better verified for safer execution. To gain these broad objectives, .NET Framework is divided into 2 steps: 1.CLR (Common Language Runtime) 2.FCL (Framework Class Library) Questions: Q: B. For M1 Provide a detailed explanation including also a diagram of the .Net framework architecture.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The Microsoft.Net Framework serves as platform for tools and technologies you require to develop Networked pragmas, Web Applications, and Distributed Web Services. Net Framework supplies the required run-time and compile-time basis to develop and execute any language that is compliant to Common Language Specification(CLS). The major components of.Net Framework are Common Language Runtime(CLR) and the.Net Framework Class Library(FCL). The Common Language Runtime(CLR) is a runtime environment of the.Net Framework, that runs and manages all avail code like a Virtual environment. The .Net Framework Class Library(FCL) is a massive collection of language-independent and type-safe reusable sets. The .Net Framework Class Libraries (FCL) are grouped into a logical grouping according to their specific functionality and usability and it is referred as Namespaces. Task 2: P1.2 the student: Question: Q: With the use of diagram critically compare at least 2 different types of .NET framework architectures. Microsoft.NET framework architecture is the model of programming for the.NET platform. The .NET Framework architecture supplies a controlled execution scenario, simplified integration and creation and deployment with a wide selection of programming languages. The .NET Framework   architecture class library is a comprehensive, object-oriented sets of reusable methods a developer can utilise to build applications. The .NET Framework architecture class library incorporates ADO.NET, ASP.NET, and Windows Forms. (CLR)   Common language runtime is the main runtime engine core for executing applications with in the enviorment . Common language runtime CLR is a safe area   a sandbox   where the .NET code runs. Code that runs with in the CLR is referred as A managed code. It is highly guarded from the external environment and fully optimized within, gaining advantage of the methods that the CLR supplies such as security, performance, deployment facilities, and memory control, this also includes garbage collection. For P1.3 Critically evaluate the two components found in the .NET framework architecture. As previously mentioned, .NET Framework is a platform that supply tools and mechanism to build Windows applications. Two common components are. Common language Runtime (CLR) .NET Framework Class library Common language Runtime (CLR) .Net Framework supplies runtime environment called Common Language Runtime CLR. It supplies an environment to launch all the .Net applications. The code running under the CLR is called as Managed Code. CLR is also in charge of managing the memory and threating of its running apps. The Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) is a Programing language used as the exodus of a multiple compilers (C#, VB, .NET). The ILDasm (Intermediate Language Disassembler) program that ships with the .NET Framework SDK (FrameworkSDKBinildasm.exe) allows the user to see MSIL code in human-readable format. Net framework Class Library (FCL) FCL supplies UI, data access, DB connection, cryptography, web apps development, numeric algorithms, and network communications. Developers code software by merging their own source code with .NET Framework together with other libraries. .NET Framework is created to be used newer apps developed for Windows platform. Microsoft also developed an integrated development environment largely for .NET software called Visual Studio. BCL is a superset of FCL and refers to the entire class library that ships with .NET Framework. It includes an expanded set of libraries, including ASP.NET and windows form among others. BCL is larger in scope than standard libraries for languages like C++

The Hollow Men Essay -- Literary Analysis

At a point in all mortal’s existence, there will be a moment when their soul is between two states of being, waiting to be judged. Without the fearlessness and faith to move on to the afterlife, they will spend eternity stuck in purgatory. When T. S. Eliot wrote â€Å"The Hollow Men,† he used symbolism, imagery, and repetition to share his insight to address the lack of courage and faith that plagues every human being. T. S. Eliot’s â€Å"The Hollow Men† is a dramatic monologue, free verse poem that consists of five parts that could be considered five separate poems. His use of â€Å"allegorically abstract text nevertheless achieves a remarkable unity of effect in terms of voice, mood and imagery† (Morace 948). Before the poem starts, there are two epigraphs; â€Å"Mistah Kurtz – he dead. / A penny for the Old Guy† (lines 1-2). Eliot alludes to these two epigraphs because their themes are developed throughout his poem. â€Å"The first epigraph is from Joseph Conrad’s â€Å"Heart of Darkness,† a story †¦that examines the hollowness and horror of lack of faith, spiritual paralysis, and despair† (Bloom 61), just like the â€Å"hollow men† in his poem. The second epigraph â€Å"refers to the celebration of Guy Fawkes Day in Britain† (Bloom 61). This is a day that celebrates Fawkes’ unsuccessful rebellion against Kin g James I with his capture in the cellar of the Parliament building, where stored gun powder was supposed to blow up and kill King James I and his family. Once captured, he cowardly turned over his co-conspirators and they all were killed. It is â€Å"celebrated with bonfires, fireworks, the burning of scarecrows, and solicitation of ‘pennies for the Old Guy’. Eliot’s images of scarecrows, a cellar, and violent souls recall this tale of a violent plot tha... ...nsight to address the lack of courage and faith that plagues every human being. â€Å"The poem succeeds admirably in registering a mood not merely of disillusionment, but of personal weakness† (Morace 950). Without the faith and courage to face the final judgment, and move on to the afterlife, one will be left to linger in purgatory. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. "Thematic Analysis Of ‘The Hollow Men’." Bloom's Major Poets: T.S. Eliot (1999): 60-63. Literary Reference Center. Web. 28 Nov. 2011. Eliot, T.S. "The Hollow Men." Famous Poets and Poems - Read and Enjoy Poetry. 6 Aug. 2006. Web. 5 Dec. 2011. Morace, Robert A. "The Hollow Men." Masterplots II. Ed. Frank N. Magill. Englewood Cliffs: Salem Press, 1992. Vol. 3. 948-50. Print. Urquhart, Troy. "Eliot's THE HOLLOW MEN." Explicator 59.4 (2001): 199. Literary Reference Center. Web. 5 Dec. 2011.

Emerging Markets in International Business

[pic] Introduction: The buzz words in the international trade are India and China. They jointly account for 2. 4 billion people in the world i. e. about 40% of the world’s population, and an estimated future GDP growth of 8-10%. Modern economists believe that the future of international trade lies in the economies of emerging markets like India, China, Iraq, Brazil, Africa etc. Economist Thomas L Friedman has rightly said that there are three technological events that have contributed to the growth of these economies- The Personal Computer, through which individuals could become authors of their own content in digital form. The Internet – that provides the convenience of sending information to any part of the world. Lastly Software Manufacturing – which has made everyone’s computer interoperable. Convergence of these technologies have made economies which were once underscored as â€Å"Third World Economies† as the emerging hubs for International Business. However these economies are faced with new challenges when competing globally, such as lack of infrastructure, quality in education and corporate governance. The challenges that showcase their weakness can be an investment opportunity, thus making them viable markets worth venturing into. Objective: Our study focuses on the significance and impact of new markets in international trade on countries, companies and also on individuals. This study will also aim at understanding the trade problems faced by them in this area and to propose ways and measures to tackle them. Methodology: Our methodology comprises of information search, observations, questionnaires and opinion interviews with industrial experts and faculties. Various statistical measures will also be used to analyse the data. Outcome of the research: Through this study, we intend to bring out the different roles of emerging markets in international trade. These measures are taken via questionnaires; opinion of industrial experts, faculties specialized in international business and pre dominantly from few exporters who focus on international trade. We believe that the outcome of this study will help the corporate and individuals to prepare themselves to overcome the problems they are facing in the emerging battlegrounds of international trade. INTRODUCTION: The term â€Å"emerging markets† is used to describe a nation's social or business activity in the process of rapid growth and industrialization. The Center for Knowledge Societies defines Emerging Economies as those â€Å"regions of the world that are experiencing rapid informationalization under conditions of limited or partial industrialization. † Currently, there are approximately 28 emerging markets in the world, the largest being those of India and China. Examples of other emerging markets include Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Russia, some Arab Gulf States and South Africa. The rapid integration into world markets by six of the largest non-OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) economies (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa, together known as the BRIICS) was an important component of globalisation during the past two decades. Economic incentives across world markets and in the BRIICS in particular, have been aligned more closely with countries’ and businesses’ genuine strengths. From the past few decades, all of the BRIICS have opened their economies significantly and improved their connectedness to world trade networks. The substantial reduction of trade barriers at the border can be seen, for example, in the decline of the average applied tariffs on non-agricultural products. However, the pace varied across these countries. Dispersion of tariffs also fell, contributing to a further reduction in economic distortion. However, in this study we focus on the emerging engines in the Asian Business – India and China, which together accounts for 2. 5 billion people, China and India are today the driving forces of growth in the midst of rapid economic transformation in the global economy. The Composite Leading Indicators (CLI) designed to provide early signals of turning points in business cycles, rose by 0. 4 point for India in April 2009, and 0. 9 for China. For much of human history, what China and India had in common was the fact that they were the richest nations on earth. Long before Europe emerged, China and India had higher standards of living and more numerous technical and scientific inventions. Yet starting in the early nineteenth century this began to dramatically change with both countries experiencing a long relative decline, eclipsed ultimately by Europe and North America. By mid twentieth century, both countries were relatively poor. The reversal of China’s fortunes began in 1978 when Deng Xiao Ping came to power and instituted market oriented economic policies and that of India began in the early 1990s when, in response to a financial crisis, the government reversed decades of socialistic policies and began a gradual path toward market orientation. Since those policy reversals, both countries have grown rapidly. For the first time since the early nineteenth century, they have expanded their share of global GDP. [pic] Figure 1: Global GDP share expressed as a percentage from 1600-2001 for the key players in global economy. Global investment firm, Moody’s say that driven by renewed growth in India and China, the world economy is beginning to recover from one of the worst economic downturns in decades. The Chinese GDP has risen by 7. 9 per cent while that of India has grown by 6. 1 per cent in the April-June 2009-10 periods. Moody’s has now revised India’s growth forecast to 6. 4 per cent for the current fiscal. FACTORS AFFECTING CHINA’S GROWTH: International trade makes up a sizeable portion of China's overall economy. The course of China's foreign trade has experienced considerable transformations since the early 1950s. In 1950 more than 70 percent of the total trade was with non-Communist countries, but by 1954, a year after the end of the Korean War, the situation was completely reversed, and trade with Communist countries stood at about 75 percent. POLITICAL REFORMS The Chinese Economy was on the forefront of economic greatness under the periods of Mao Zedong from 1949 – 1978 who introduced the â€Å"Great Leap Forward† under this economy, the country was a centrally planned economy. Though this idea of planned economy was inculcated in the economy, the intervention of state in agriculture led to massive corruption, ultimately leading to the deaths of millions of people due to starvation. Market Oriented Mixed Economy: This led to a period rule under Deng Xiaoping , who introduced the â€Å"market oriented mixed economy†-based on private property . Under this system China saw much growth in both national and international trade. Farmlands were privatized and agriculture was now a concern of both the state and the individual. A market economy is an economy based on the division of labor in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system set by supply and demand. This is often contrasted with a planned economy, in which a central government determines the price of goods and services using a fixed price system. Market economies are also contrasted with mixed economy where the price system is not entirely free but under some government control or are heavily regulated and may sometimes be combined with state-led economic planning. SOCIAL REFORMS: Another area which is pivotal in the area of growth is the social and cultural condition which is important to enhance the growth. One Child Policy: This is a measure which was started in China to curb the population explosion in China. China’s one child family policy, which was first announced in 1979, has remained in place despite the extraordinary political and social changes that have occurred over the past two decades. It emerged from the belief that development would be compromised by rapid population growth and that the sheer size of China’s population together with its young age structure presented a unique challenge. Most population growth rate targets were abandoned in the early 1980s, and from 1985 the official goal was to keep the population at around 1. 2 billion by 2000. Protection for Private Property Rights: Prior to 1978, private ownership of property was not encouraged at any cost. However later the government started to proportionate and distribute private property. Harmonious Society: This is a socio-economic vision that is said to be the ultimate end result of Chinese leader Hu Jintao's signature ideology of the Scientific Development Concept. It serves as the ultimate goal for the ruling Communist Party of China along with Xiaokang society, which aims for a â€Å"basically well-off† middle-class oriented society. First proposed by the Chinese government under the Hu-Wen Administration during the 2005 National People's Congress, the idea changed China's focus from economic growth to overall societal balance and harmony. Grasping the Large and Letting the Small Go Policy: These reforms (1996) included efforts to corporatize state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and to downsize the state sector. The â€Å"grasping the large† component indicated that policy-makers should focus on maintaining state control over the largest state-owned enterprises (which tended to be controlled by the central government). â€Å"Letting the small go† meant that the central government should relinquish control over smaller state-owned enterprises. Relinquishing control over these enterprises took a variety of forms: giving local governments authority to restructure the firms, privatizing them, or shutting them down. ECONOMIC REFORMS: One of the main factors which contributed to the economic growth of China was the Economic liberalization which was started in 1978. Its economy changed into a market oriented mixed economy. They implemented several instruments to increase their economic growth. Special Economic Zones (SEZ’s): China was the first country to introduce SEZ’s and they followed a western style of management which resulted in survival of best in the market. It is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws. The category ‘SEZ' covers a broad range of more specific zone types, including Free Trade Zones (FTZ), Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Free Zones (FZ), Industrial Estates (IE), Free Ports, Urban Enterprise Zones and others. Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors. Special Economic Zones were founded by the central government under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s. The most successful Special Economic Zone in China, Shenzhen, has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years. Five Year Plans: The economy was shaped by the Chinese Communist Party through the plenary sessions of the Central Committee and national congresses. The party plays a leading role in establishing the foundations and principles of Chinese communism, mapping strategies for economic development, setting growth targets, and launching reforms. Planning is a key characteristic of centralized, communist economies, and one plan established for the entire country normally contains detailed economic development guidelines for all its regions. China is in its 11th Five year plan guideline (2006-2010) Private Ownership: With production being introduced in the agricultural sector, private ownership of production assets became legal, although many major non-agricultural and industrial facilities were still state-owned and centrally planned. The government also encouraged non-agricultural activities, such as village enterprises in rural areas, promoted more self-management for state-owned enterprises, increased competition in the marketplace and facilitated direct contact between Chinese and foreign trading enterprises. The development of the private sector was allowed and was permitted to compete with state firms in a number of service sectors, and increasingly in infrastructure operations, such as construction. Foreign direct Investment: China has principal attractions like low-cost labor and an enormous domestic market of more than 1. 2 billion consumers. The investment climate has been opened up gradually. In the 1980s, foreigners were restricted to export-oriented joint ventures with Chinese firms. In the early 1990s, they were allowed to manufacture goods for sale in the domestic Chinese market; and by the mid-1990s; the establishment of wholly foreign-owned enterprises was permitted. China's accession to the WTO forces the government to open up the services sector. In 2004, China being one of the fastest-growing economies in the world attracted actual FDI of more than US$60. 6 billion, up 13 per cent from the previous year. As of 2009, China has around US$ 80 billion alone-the highest FDI in the world. Chinese economic stimulus plan: The stimulus package announced by the central government of the People's Republic of China on 9 November 2008 was its biggest move to stop the global financial crisis from hitting the world's third largest economy. The State Council had approved a plan to invest 4 trillion Yuan in infrastructure and social welfare by the end of 2010. The stimulus package will be invested in key areas such as housing, rural infrastructure, transportation, health and education, environment, industry, disaster rebuilding, income-building, tax cuts and finance. Export Driven Economy: China’s export was US $0. 30 trillion higher than its imports. The country mainly drives the economy through its exports. It also had a healthy Foreign Exchange Reserve of US $ 2. 1 trillion and is the 3rd largest GDP with $4. 4 trillion. Government Owned Banks: One of the reasons that China was able to drive its economy through exports was because of the efficient controlling of the money supply by the banks, even in the midst of recession. China has not let its banking system run roughshod over its productive economy. Chinese banks work for the people rather than the reverse. China hasn’t allowed its banking sector to become so powerful, so influential, and so large that it can call the shots or highjack the bailout. In simple terms, the government preferred to answer to its people and put their interests first before any vested interest or group. And that is why Chinese banks are lending to the people and their businesses in record numbers. The Chinese stimulus was large compared to the U. S. and has been much more effectively channeled into employment than that in the U. S. Manufacturing as a low-cost producer: China is well known for its low cost products. The production rates of electronics and other goods are the lowest in China when compared to other countries, which is mainly because of the low cost of production by the manufacturer. The methods used in production such as poke-yoke (error free) have helped them to attain low costs in production. Another reason for low cost production is the cheap labor available in China. Infrastructure: The infrastructure facilities provided by government to the companies contributed immensely to their growth. The period since 1978 saw rapid industrialization from 53% in 1981 to 8% in 2001. FACTORS AFFECTING INDIA’S GROWTH POLITICAL REFORMS: India celebrated 60 years of Independence on August 15, 2007. It is now the second fastest growing major economy, after China. It has also caught media attention because companies like Tata Steel acquired Corus; India is now the second largest investor by number of projects in London; and Mr. L. N. Mittal – an Indian – owns the largest steel company in the world. Visionary Leaders: It all began in 1947, the year of Independence, where India’s first prime minister Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru chose Democracy which was modeled on Westminster. The Soviet Union however presented an economic model that appealed in terms of growth. The Planned Economy: Self – sufficiency and fear of economic dependence on foreigners after two centuries of overseas rule shaped early thinking at Independence. Nehru modeled the economy on Soviet socialist lines of central control and state-run heavy-industry firms dominating the economy to avoid reliance on the West. The License Raj: During the 1950-1990, in order to promote self sufficiency policies of high import tariffs and duties, controls on production through licenses, public sector monopolies and isolating India to the outside world were followed. The unintended results were a shackled economy. Poor economic growth resulted due to the economy stifled by licensing, socialist red tape, excessive bureaucracy and regulation (â€Å"the License Raj†). Many state run monopolies were run by bureaucrats with little commercial experience. Corruption was nurtured. Private industry was starved of badly needed funds that went to state-run firms, often loss makers. The result was the poor allocation of scarce resources to unproductive channels. Competition was curbed and consumers fared badly. Balance of Payments crisis in 1991: Crisis in 1991 pushed the country to near bankruptcy. In return for an IMF bailout, gold was transferred to London as collateral, the Rupee devalued and economic reforms were forced upon India. That low point was the catalyst required to transform the economy through badly needed reforms to unshackle the economy. Controls started to be dismantled, tariffs, duties and taxes progressively lowered, state monopolies broken, the economy was opened to trade and investment, private sector enterprise and competition were encouraged and globalisation was slowly embraced. The reforms process continues today and is accepted by all political parties, but the speed is often held hostage by coalition politics and vested interests. SOCIAL REFORMS Agriculture: India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 16. % of the GDP in 2007, employed 60% of the total workforce and despite a steady decline of its share in the GDP, it is still the largest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic development of India. The introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds after 1965 and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation known collectively as the Green Revolution, provided the increase in production needed to make India self-sufficient in food grains, thus improving agriculture in India. Removing Socio- Economic Barriers: The biggest challenge in the period of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization) in 1991 was the removal of social and economic barriers, through a variety of measures which included family planning, economic welfare programmes, women empowerment initiatives, midday meal scheme, Rural Employment guarantee scheme, Compulsory Education, Union’s intervention in the State etc. Mixed Economy: India has adopted the concept of a mixed economy, in which both the private and public enterprises are given freedom to co-exist. Prior to 1991, the country was grappling itself with unwanted bureaucracy, which tried to hamper the growth in India leading widening gaps in the Indian culture. Population Conscious: A country with a billion marks in population has started to tread on a road in order to reduce the population. Families are encouraged to have 2-3 children, and the government is not too keen on an impenitent restriction in childbirth like China. Progressive Economy: India is a progressive economy, where emphasis is made on the people’s growth. All laws of the country are spearheaded to making India a better place for Indians to live in. Government controls have been reduced on foreign trade and investment; privatization of domestic output has proceeded slowly but steadily over the years. ECONOMIC REFORMS: India Inc s stupendous growth can be attributed to ‘ India Economic Reform ‘ earnest in July 1991. The balance of payments crisis opened the way for an International Monetary Fund (IMF) program that led to major ‘ India Economic Reform ‘. The foreign-exchange reserves recovered quickly and arrested the crisis related IMF and World Bank. Some of these factors which influenced the reforms were: Balance Of Payments Crisis: Balance of Payments crisis in 1991 pushed the country to near bankruptcy. In return for an IMF bailout, gold was transferred to London as collateral, the Rupee devalued and economic reforms were forced upon India. That low point was the catalyst required to transform the economy through badly needed reforms to unshackle the economy. Controls started to be dismantled, tariffs, duties and taxes progressively lowered, state monopolies broken, the economy was opened to trade and investment, private sector enterprise and competition were encouraged and globalization was slowly embraced. Revenue Deficit: India’s biggest problem arose out of the fact that it had huge revenue deficits. From 1950- 1980, the budget was characterized by Revenue surplus and Capital account deficits. The governments voluntarily allowed Revenue deficits use. It was caused by excessive employment in the government sector, mounting subsides, growing interest burden, unequal pricing of goods and services by the private sector. They tackled the problem by downsizing the employees in the public sector. Fiscal deficit: The measures to reduce the fiscal measures were started in 1991 – 1992. They initially reduced the fertilizer and food subsides. Then in 1995 the government reduced public expenditure in social welfare. Deficit Financing: The concept of printing currencies was curbed in tackling problems of Fiscal financing, which was in fact crippling the economy by the means of unwanted money supply. RBI’s measures: The RBI managed to control the money supply in India by Bank rate, Cash reserve ratio, and by Open market operation. Tax Reforms: †¢ Expanding the tax base by including the service sector. †¢ Reducing the rates of direct taxes in India †¢ Abolishing Export subsides †¢ Lowering import duties †¢ Value Added tax †¢ Tax incentives for Infrastructure and Exports Special Economic Zones: is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws. An SEZ is a trade capacity development tool, with the goal to promote rapid economic growth by using tax and business incentives to attract foreign investment and technology. Today, there are approximately 3,000 SEZs operating in 120 countries, which account for over US$ 600 billion in exports and about 50 million jobs. By offering privileged terms, SEZs attract investment and foreign exchange, spur employment and boost the development of improved technologies and infrastructure. There are 13 functional SEZs and about 61 SEZs, which have been approved and are under the process of establishment in India. The SEZ policy was first introduced in India in April 2000, as a part of the Export-Import (â€Å"EXIM†) policy of India. Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realizing the need that level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally Divestment: The government also started the process of divesting which is a way by which the government reduces its interest in assts for financial objectives. It is mostly done so that the companies would divulge their interests in its core businesses. Chinese Experience: The reforms in India's foreign investment and external trade sectors followed the Chinese experience with external economic reforms. †¢ In the industrial sector, industrial licensing was cut, leaving only 18 industries subject to licensing. Industrial regulation was rationalized. †¢ Abolishing in 1992 the Controller of Capital Issues which decided the prices and number of shares that firms could issue. †¢ Introducing the SEBI Act of 1992 and the Security Laws (Amendment) which gave SEBI the legal authority to register and regulate all security market intermediaries. Starting in 1994 of the National Stock Exchange as a computer-based trading system which served as an instrument to leverage reforms of India's other stock exchanges. The NSE emerged as India's largest exchange by 1996. †¢ Reducing tariffs from an average of 85 percent to 25 percent, and rolling back quantitative controls. (The rupee was made convertible on trade account. ) †¢ Encouraging foreign direct investment by increasing the maximum limit on share of foreign capital in joint ventures from 40 to 51 percent with 100 percent foreign equity permitted in priority sectors. Streamlining procedures for FDI approvals, and in at least 35 industries, automatically approving projects within the limits for foreign participation. †¢ Opening up in 1992 of India's equity markets to investment by foreign institutional investors and permitting Indian firms to raise capital on international markets by issuing Global Depository Receipts (GDRs). †¢ Marginal tax rates were reduced. †¢ Privatization of large, inefficient and loss-inducing government corporations was initiated. FACTORS HAMPERING CHINA’S GROWTH: Low level of education The level of education is an area of concern, where the population is dominant of 30-40 age barrier which causes serious hampering in the economic growth. Language problem One of the main problems that the Chinese people facing is the language barrier. English language is not popular in china and the people in china are behind India in the language proficiency of English. So when they have trade between other countries, the medium of language becomes a problem for them. Poor living conditions One of China’s most serious problems is that over the past 50 years China’s leaders have constructed two China’s: a modern wealthy China and a backward rural poor China. This â€Å"house divided† is a major weakness in contemporary China and to unite this house into a major Asian power will take enormous effort and resources and may require decades to accomplish. Low level of institutional infrastructure and corporate governance: The government is primarily one where the government has maximum amount of control on almost any level of economy. So if greater autonomy is not given, the growth tends to be very slow. Necessity of skilled labor: Even though labor cost is perceived to be low, the skilled labor remains a serious question to be analyzed. The necessity skills are very much necessary in the sectors of manufacturing and industry. The country severely faces many problems with respect to skilled labor. FACTORS HAMPERING INDIA’S GROWTH: Poverty level: According to the a 2005 World Bank estimate, 42% (456 million Indians)of India's falls below the international poverty line of $1. 5 a day (PPP, in nominal terms Rs. 21. 6 a day in urban areas and Rs 14. 3 in rural areas); having reduced from 60% in 1980. According to the criterion used by the Planning Commission of India 24. 5% of the population was living below the poverty line in 2006–2007, down from 51. 3% in 1977–1978, and 36% in 1993-1994 While poverty rates in India are high, they are not on a par with what neighboring Pakistan and Bangladesh ex perience. The main reasons for this are large population, and low literacy level. Lack of Resources Natural resources are derived from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants. Natural resources may be further classified in different ways. On the basis of origin, resources may be divided into: †¢ Biotic – Biotic resources are those obtained from the biosphere. Minerals such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they were formed from decayed organic matter. †¢ Abiotic – Abiotic resources comprise of non-living things. Examples include land, water, air and minerals such as gold, iron, copper, silver etc. lack of hese resources makes a huge difference in the growth of India. So now India has to depend on renewable resources. On the basis of ownership, resources can be classified into: individual, community, national, and international Individual resources: Process Resources The following types of resources can execute an activity within a process. Tangible resource – Conventional resources like plants, equipments , IT infrastructure etc. Intangible resource – Increasingly important resource type including brands and patents and India is lacking these resources. Infrastructure A well-knit and coordinated system of transport plays an important role in the sustained economic growth of a country. India has a well-developed transport network comprising rail, road, coastal shipping, air transport etc. The commercialization of infrastructure is not progressing fast enough to provide decent living conditions to citizens at large. Lack of Capital Domestic demand in India is rising, but the country does not have the matching supply, making it essential for it to rely on foreign capital. India is in the early stages of a new economic cycle†¦ It offers a delectable mix of improving political backdrop, strong structural drivers of growth, and accelerating domestically-driven growth, Unlike China, India is a supply constraint and will have to continue relying on foreign capital†¦ Barring any dislocating effect of global events, foreign inflows should continue although at a slower pace. Political problems The main political problems t. hat India faces is the political instability in the country. The decisions which one political party has taken will be removed by the next government, which leads to instability in the process or activity which is on the way. And other problems are lack of visionary leader, who can lead the country to become a super power. CONCLUSION: Both the countries India and China will grow rapidly, taking a much larger share of global GDP. In both countries, the domestic market will become increasingly attractive to global companies. The division of labor between India and China will become blurred as both countries excel in services and manufacturing. Trade between India and China will expand, enabling companies in both countries to achieve critical mass. For global companies selling in these markets, this means more local competition. Both countries will create new world-class companies that will be competitive with companies based in the West. For some Western companies, this will create new challenges. Both countries, while remaining relatively poor, will experience rapid growth of the middle class, creating vast new opportunities for Western companies to sell in those markets. If the above challenges can be tackled in the perspective of both India and China’s growth, then surely we see both the country’s contribution in the world economy as significantly large. We firmly believe that India and China will become world super powers by 2025, but the question is who is first and who is second†¦ ———————– NITTE Meenakshi Institute of Technology ALBERT JACOB and JAISON JAMES KRISTU JAYANTI COLLEGE, BANGALORE [email  protected] com Emerging Markets in International Trade THEME International Business & the World Economy – Issues and Innovations